ABSTRACT
Background@#Weight gain in adults is associated with an increased risk of obesity-related diseases and high healthcare costs. However, there have been limited studies on weight gain in Asians. This study investigated the prevalence, comorbidities, and associated factors of weight gain in the Korean population. @*Methods@#This is a cross-sectional study of Korean adults aged 19–64 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2016–2019. We used data from 15,514 adults (subjects 1) to analyze the prevalence of weight gain. Finally, after excluding adults with suspicious debilitating conditions among them, 11,477 adults (subjects 2) were used to analyze comorbidities and associated factors. Weight changes and lifestyle factors were assessed using a self-report questionnaire. We analyzed odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using multivariable logistic regression analysis to examine factors associated with weight gain. @*Results@#The overall prevalence of weight gain was 25.7% in men and 31.3% in women and decreased significantly with age in both sexes. Weight gain of ≥ 6 kg was evident in 10.5% of men and 9.8% of women and was more pronounced with a higher baseline body mass index (BMI). Most metabolic comorbidities worsened the greater the weight gain. Young age was the strongest associated factor for weight gain. Other factors associated with weight gain were being unmarried, blue-collar job, lower income, and alcohol consumption in men;being married in women; smoking and skipping breakfast in both sexes. @*Conclusion@#Weight gain was much more pronounced in younger adults and at a higher baseline BMI in both sexes. Public education and health policies to prevent unnecessary weight gain should be strengthened by considering the associated harmful factors in Korean adults.
ABSTRACT
Colonic interposition is the main procedure used in esophageal reconstruction. We report a rare case of simultaneous treatment of an anastomotic site stricture and a neoplasm in the interpositioned colon. A 69-year-old female visited our outpatient clinic with symptoms of progressive dysphagia for 1 year. At the age of 30 years, the patient underwent esophagectomy with retrosternal colonic interposition because of severe esophageal burns after chemical ingestion. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed stricture at the anastomosis site and a 10-mm flat elevated high-grade dysplasia in the interpositioned colon. First, through-the-scope balloon dilatation was performed for strictures. However, stenosis was observed during the second upper gastrointestinal endoscopy session.Therefore, a second session of through-the-scope balloon dilatation was performed, and simultaneously, endoscopic submucosal dissection was also successfully performed. After 2 months of follow-up, stenosis persisted; consequently, balloon dilatation was performed. No recurrence of neoplasm was confirmed endoscopically. Through-the-scope balloon dilatation of the stricture site and simultaneous endoscopic submucosal dissection of the neoplasm in the interpositioned colon were successfully performed.
ABSTRACT
Background@#To determine the effects of Jerusalem Artichoke extract (JAE) and inulin on blood glucose levels and insulin secretion in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. @*Methods@#Thirty four mice were divided into a normal control group and three experimental groups: diabetic control, JAE, and inulin. STZ (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to induce diabetes in the three experimental groups. The JAE and inulin groups were fed 10 g/kg JAE or fed 1 g/kg inulin, respectively, for 6 weeks. Fasting glucose was checked weekly. After 6 weeks, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed, and the insulin level was checked. @*Results@#Four mice from the JAE group (n = 9) died and autopsies revealed inflammation and ulceration of skin lesions on the chest areas. Fasting glucose levels were not decreased in the inulin or JAE group relative to diabetic control group. In the OGTT at 60 minutes and 120 minutes, the serum glucose levels were significantly higher in the inulin group (572.6 ± 52.0 mg/dL and 555.8 ± 72.9 mg/dL, respectively) than in diabetic control group (484.3 ± 81.6 mg/dL and 467.3 ± 111.1 mg/dL, respectively). Insulin levels were not increased in the inulin group relative to the diabetic control group. @*Conclusion@#These results indicate that JAE and inulin might not be useful therapeutic strategies for diabetes mellitus and indiscreet intake of Jerusalem Artichoke could exacerbate to diabetes.
ABSTRACT
Background@#As the course of depression and depressive symptoms over a lifetime varies between individuals, we used trajectory models based on the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging to repeatedly measure symptoms over a follow-up period of 12 years to reveal the association with mortality. @*Methods@#Three thousand five hundred sixty-one (1,483 men and 2,078 women) subjects aged over 65 years were included. Using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D 10), a trajectory model was classified into different depressive symptom groups by gender. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the association between depression trajectory and all-cause mortality. @*Results@#We identified four trajectories of depressive symptoms in both men and women characterized by low CES-D 10 scores throughout the study: Low trajectory (LT), Moderate high trajectory (MHT), High, but increasing trajectory (HIT), and High, but decreasing trajectory (HDT). The adjusted hazard ratios of the HIT, HDT, and MHT compared with LT in men were 2.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43-3.16), 1.52 (95% CI, 0.96-2.40), and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.10-2.26), respectively. In women, ratios of each group were 1.62 (95% CI, 1.25-2.10), 0.84 (95% CI, 0.61-1.16), and 1.20 (95% CI, 0.99-1.46). @*Conclusions@#Highly depressive symptoms that increased over the 12 years period were associated with the highest risk of mortality in the Korean elderly population. The trajectory group with remitting depressive symptoms (HDT), despite having a similar baseline level of mood symptoms as the high increasing group (HIT) experienced a lower mortality risk in both men and women.
ABSTRACT
Background@#As the course of depression and depressive symptoms over a lifetime varies between individuals, we used trajectory models based on the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging to repeatedly measure symptoms over a follow-up period of 12 years to reveal the association with mortality. @*Methods@#Three thousand five hundred sixty-one (1,483 men and 2,078 women) subjects aged over 65 years were included. Using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D 10), a trajectory model was classified into different depressive symptom groups by gender. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the association between depression trajectory and all-cause mortality. @*Results@#We identified four trajectories of depressive symptoms in both men and women characterized by low CES-D 10 scores throughout the study: Low trajectory (LT), Moderate high trajectory (MHT), High, but increasing trajectory (HIT), and High, but decreasing trajectory (HDT). The adjusted hazard ratios of the HIT, HDT, and MHT compared with LT in men were 2.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43-3.16), 1.52 (95% CI, 0.96-2.40), and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.10-2.26), respectively. In women, ratios of each group were 1.62 (95% CI, 1.25-2.10), 0.84 (95% CI, 0.61-1.16), and 1.20 (95% CI, 0.99-1.46). @*Conclusions@#Highly depressive symptoms that increased over the 12 years period were associated with the highest risk of mortality in the Korean elderly population. The trajectory group with remitting depressive symptoms (HDT), despite having a similar baseline level of mood symptoms as the high increasing group (HIT) experienced a lower mortality risk in both men and women.
ABSTRACT
Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of symptom awareness and nursing competency on the burden of nursing care for patients with mental illness by general ward nurses. @*Methods@#A cross-sectional, descriptive correlational study design was used. Subjects were 231 nurses from three general hospitals. Data were collected March 7-26, 2019. The data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and multiple regression using SPSS/WIN 23.0. @*Results@#The multiple regression analysis revealed that psychiatric symptom awareness, psychiatric nursing competency, and psychiatric nursing education experience account for 12% of the nursing burden of mental illness patients. @*Conclusion@#The findings suggest that it is necessary to implement psychiatric symptom awareness, psychiatric nursing competency, and psychiatric nursing education to decrease the burden of nursing care for patients with mental illness by general ward nurses.
ABSTRACT
Background@#The number and curriculum of dental hygienists in Korea have dramatically increased. Controversies have since resulted from insufficient job descriptions of the work performed by a dental hygienist. A dentist's perception was examined to legally reflect the actual work of dental hygienists. @*Methods@#Four hundred and nineteen dentists were surveyed about the duties of a dental hygienist. Their views on the career and availability of each job were examined. The duties of the dental hygienist include 13 items in dental treatment preparation, 14 items of radiography, 21 items of preventive dentistry, 6 items of periodontal treatment, 12 items of oral medicine, 12 items of conservative dentistry, 8 items of prosthetics, 10 items of orthodontics, 7 items of oral and maxillofacial surgery, 6 items of implantation, 6 items of impression taking and model fabrication, 5 items of anesthesia and injection, 11 items of management and administrative, and 3 items of self-development. @*Results@#Most of the duties were doable by a dental hygienist. Many dentists reported that managing implants, oral hygiene of special patients, some duties in oral medicine, teeth brightening, making temporary crowns, making individual trays, selecting shades, ligaturing, and precision impressions need ≥3 years of experience. Duties perceived by dentists not to be performed by dental hygienists were reading radiographs (55.4%), suture and stitch out (48.0%), intramuscular injection (36.0%), root planning (27.2%), cementation and removal of prostheses (23.2%), and examining pulp vitality (22.0%). @*Conclusion@#Current laws are to be revised to include, the care provided by dental hygienists and under a physician’s supervision. Flexibility is also needed to cope with rapidly changing dental technology.
ABSTRACT
Genistein is one of isoflavones mostly derived in a leguminous plant. It is well known as one of phytoestrogens that have structures similar to the principal mammalian estrogen. It has diverse biological functions including chemopreventive properties against cancers. Anticancer efficacies of genistein have been related with the epidemiological observations indicating that the incidence of some cancers is much lower in Asia, where diets are rich in soyfoods, than Western countries. This review deals with in vivo anticancer activities of genistein identified in animal studies being divided into its effects on carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Because animal studies have advantages in designing the experiments to suit the goals, they imply diverse information on the anticancer activity of genistein. The in vivo animal studies have adopted the specific animal models according to a developmental stage of cancer to prove the anticancer efficacies of genistein against diverse types of cancer. The numerous previous studies insist that genistein effectively inhibits carcinogenesis in the DMBA-induced animal cancer models by reducing the incidence of adenocarcinoma and cancer progression in the transgenic and xenograft animal models by suppressing the tumor growth and metastatic transition. Although the protective effect of genistein against cancer has been controversial, genistein may be a candidate for chemoprevention of carcinogenesis and cancer progression and may deserve to be the central compound supporting the epidemiological evidence.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Adenocarcinoma , Asia , Carcinogenesis , Chemoprevention , Diet , Estrogens , Genistein , Heterografts , Incidence , Isoflavones , Mice, Transgenic , Models, Animal , Phytoestrogens , PlantsABSTRACT
According to WHO global estimates from 2008, more than 1.4 billion adults were overweight and among them, over 200 million men and 300 million women were obese. Although the main treatment modalities for overweight and obese individuals remain dieting and physical exercise, the synthetic anti-obesity medications have been increasingly used due to their perceived convenience. Generally, anti-obesity medications are classified as appetite suppressants or fat absorption blockers. In the present study, we examined the adverse side-effects in respect of behavior changes of phentermine and Ephedra sinica (mahuang) that are anti-obesity drugs currently distributed to domestic consumers. Phentermine is mainly classified as an anorexing agent and mahuang a thermogenic agent. Because phentermine and mahuang are considered to display effectiveness through the regulation of nerve system, their potential influences of on behavioral changes were examined employing animal experiments. From the results of experiments testing locomotor activity through the use of treadmill, rota-rod, and open field system, phentermine and mahuang were commonly revealed to induce behavioral changes of rats by reducing a motor ability, an ability to cope with an external stimulus, and a sense of balance or by augmenting wariness or excitement. These adverse effects of phenternime and mahuang in behavioral changes need to be identified in humans and anti-obesity medications such as phentermine and mahuang should be prescribed for only obesity where it is anticipated that the benefits of the treatment outweigh their potential risks.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Rats , Absorption , Animal Experimentation , Anti-Obesity Agents , Appetite Depressants , Diet , Diethylpropion , Ephedra sinica , Exercise , Models, Animal , Motor Activity , Obesity , Overweight , Phentermine , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the association between oral health status and oral health impact profile (OHIP-14) among patients undergoing treatment in a dental hospital, in order to develop an oral health care method for improving oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL). METHODS: A total of 980 patients aged 7-89 years were selected from a dental hospital between May 2011 and March 2014. Questionnaires on oral health impact profile (OHIP-14K) were distributed to the patients, and their dental records were examined to find out their oral health status. RESULTS: OHIP-14 scores of patients with periodontal pockets over 4 mm and presence of chronic general disease were significantly higher than those without pockets and chronic disease (P<0.05). Factors such as age, gender, having prosthesis or dental implant, regular oral health care over a period of 1 year were not significantly associated with OHIP-14 scores. CONCLUSIONS: Periodontal health status and chronic general disease could be factors associated with OHRQoL. Thus, improving oral symptoms through professional oral care may help improve OHRQoL.
Subject(s)
Humans , Chronic Disease , Dental Implants , Dental Records , Korea , Oral Health , Periodontal Diseases , Periodontal Pocket , Prostheses and Implants , Quality of Life , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Phytoestrogens exist in edible compounds commonly found in fruits or plants. For long times, phytoestrogens have been used for therapeutic treatments against human diseases, and they can be promising ingredients for future pharmacological industries. Kaempferol is a yellow compound found in grapes, broccoli and yellow fruits, which is one of flavonoid as phytoestrogens. Kaempferol has been suggested to have an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. In past decades, many studies have been performed to examine anti-toxicological role(s) of kaempferol against human cancers. It has been shown that kaempferol may be involved in the regulations of cell cycle, metastasis, angiogenesis and apoptosis in various cancer cell types. Among them, there have been a few of the studies to examine a relationship between kaempferol and apoptosis. Thus, in this review, we highlight the effect(s) of kaempferol on the regulation of apoptosis in diverse cancer cell models. This could be a forecast in regard to use of kaempferol as promising treatment against human diseases.
Subject(s)
Humans , Apoptosis , Brassica , Cell Cycle , Fruit , Neoplasm Metastasis , Phytoestrogens , Receptors, Estrogen , Social Control, Formal , VitisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a dentine hypersensitivity (DH) manual for a dental hospital. METHODS: The records of all DH patients who presented between 2005 to 2010 were analyzed to determine their age group, awareness of DH, and DH distribution before and after dental treatment. RESULTS: Out of 953,272 patients, data of 4,646 were analyzed. The male to female ratio of DH patients was found to be 1:1:1. The prevalence of DH was highest in patients in the age group of 40-49 years. The DH awareness rate was high to time, temperature and after dental treatment factor in the middle-age group. CONCLUSIONS: Since DH is widely prevalent and common, systematic screening is essential to ensure good oral health.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Dentin Sensitivity , Dentin , Mass Screening , Oral Health , PrevalenceABSTRACT
The mu opioid receptor (MOR) has been regarded as the main site of interaction with analgesics in major clinical use, particularly morphine. The repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) functions as a transcriptional repressor of neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells. However, it is expressed in certain mature neurons, suggesting that it may have complex and novel roles. In addition, the interactions between MOR and REST and their functions remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of morphine on the expression of REST mRNA and protein in human neuroblastoma NMB cells to investigate the roles of REST induced by MOR activation in neuronal cells. To determine the effects of morphine on REST expression, we performed RT-PCR, real-time quantitative RT-PCR, western blot analysis and radioligand binding assays in NMB cells. By RT-PCR and real-time quantitative RT-PCR, the expression of REST was found to be unchanged by either the MOR agonist morphine or the MOR specific antagonist CTOP. By western blot, morphine was shown to significantly inhibit the expression of REST, but this suppression was completely blocked by treatment with CTOP. In the radioligand binding assay, the overexpression of REST led to an increased opioid ligand binding activity of endogenous MOR in the NMB cells. These results together suggest that morphine inhibits the expression of REST in human neuroblastoma cells through a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism mediated through MOR.
Subject(s)
Humans , Analgesics , Blotting, Western , Morphine , Neuroblastoma , Neurons , Receptors, Opioid, mu , RNA, Messenger , Somatostatin , Transcription FactorsABSTRACT
The implant placement and sinus floor elevation on maxillae have required the accurate understanding of maxillary sinus floor and alveolar process. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the maxillary sinus floor morphology and the correlation between maxillary sinus floor and alveolar process in Korean. Twenty-nine cadaveric maxillae with normal teeth were used, with age at death ranging from 40 to 90 years (mean: 59.9 years). After the maxilla was cut above the nasal cavity floor, it was sectioned at midline of the tooth from 1st premolar to 2nd molar by parallel to long axis of the tooth. The specimens were scanned using the Scanner (HP Scanjet G4050). The scan image was measured using Adobe Photoshop CS3 at the 0.01 mm. Mean, SD, and correlation coefficient (r) were took using SPSS. The width of maxillary sinus floor at nasal cavity floor level was 7.87+/-3.04 mm at 1st premolar (P1), 11.05+/-4.40 mm at 2nd premolar (P2), 13.21+/-4.78 mm at 1st molar (M1), and 12.47+/-4.32 mm at 2nd molar (M2). The depth of maxillary sinus floor at nasal cavity floor level was -3.74+/-4.57 mm, -4.77+/-4.80 mm, -4.84+/-4.69 mm, and -4.19+/-6.24 mm at P1, P2, M1, and M2, respectively. The height of alveolar process bone was 19.02+/-3.36 mm, 15.71+/-4.44 mm, 13.59+/-3.22 mm, and 12.50+/-2.99 mm at P1, P2, M1, and M2, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) between the width of maxillary sinus floor and the height of alveolar process was 0.342, 0.631, 0.602, and 0.543 at P1, P2, M1, and M2, respectively, which were lack of correlations. The correlation coefficient (r) between the depth of maxillary sinus floor and the height of alveolar process was 0.808, 0.899, 0.789, and 0.805 at P1, P2, M1, and M2, respectively. It represented that the deeper the depth of maxillary sinus floor, the lower the height of alveolar process was. In conclusion, the maxillary sinus floor in Korean was the deepest and the widest at M1, and the height of alveolar process was the lowest at M2. This result provided useful anatomic information about maxillary sinus floor for the implant placement and sinus floor elevation.
Subject(s)
Alveolar Process , Axis, Cervical Vertebra , Bicuspid , Cadaver , Floors and Floorcoverings , Maxilla , Maxillary Sinus , Molar , Nasal Cavity , ToothABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether or not pomegranate extract can affect depression, anxiety, and food intake in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Seventy-nine female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: A, no operation and no drug intake; B, sham operation and distilled water; C, ovariectomy and distilled water; D, ovariectomy and 10% dilute pomegranate extract; E, ovariectomy and 20% dilute pomegranate extract; and F, ovariectomy and 40% dilute pomegranate extract. Beginning 2 days after surgery, drugs were administrated for 4 weeks. After that, the rats were subjected to the elevated plus maze (EPM) test and forced swim test (FST). RESULTS: The 10% pomegranate extract had a lower % closed arm entry frequency in the EPM test. A pomegranate dose-dependent decrease in the duration of immobility duration in FST was shown. Pomegranate did not reverse ovariectomy-related hyperphagia and weight gain. CONCLUSION: Pomegranate extract improved depression and anxiety in a postmenopausal model with ovariectomized rats.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Rats , Anxiety , Arm , Depression , Eating , Hyperphagia , Ovariectomy , Lythraceae , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , SalicylamidesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: A reference terminology is essential to achieve semantic interoperability and enhance the quality of health care. Reference terminologies that have achieved common acceptance contain many concepts that clinicians would not want in healthcare, which preclude their practical use in documentation of patient information. To solve the problems, this document proposes a reference terminology model which contains concepts that physicians can use satisfactorily. METHODS: We analyzed the structures of the UMLS and SNOMED CT. We also analyzed health care terms which had been collected by the Korea National Health Information Standard Committee. Based on the results of the analysis, we developed an object-oriented reference terminology model. And, we designed database schema with the model. RESULTS: Eight components of the UMLS and six components of the SNOMED CT were analyzed. The collected terms had various properties and mapping vocabularies according to the characteristics of their respective domains. A reference terminology model was developed from a three-level view using UML. A database schema was developed using ERD. CONCLUSION: This study mainly focuses on reference terminology modeling. It is hoped that this reference terminology modeling helps the semantic interoperable exchange of clinical documents as the basis of common EMR.
Subject(s)
Humans , Delivery of Health Care , Hope , Korea , Quality of Health Care , Semantics , Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine , Unified Medical Language System , VocabularyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The standard vocabularies need to cover a diverse and enriched field of medical content, thereby facilitating semantic information retrieval, clinical decision support and efficient care delivery. SNOMED-CT(Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine-Clinical Term) is a comprehensive and precise clinical reference terminology that provides unsurpassed clinical content and expressivity for clinical documentation and reporting. To investigate whether the SNOMED-CT can serve this function in Seoul National University Hospital(SNUH) environment, we evaluated the coverage of SNOMED-CT as compared with clinical terms in the discharge summary at SNUH. METHODS: We tested for discordance of clinical terms between SNUH discharge summary and those from SNOMED-CT. We extracted 9,554 concepts from 1,000 discharge summaries. From these concepts, we obtained 3,545 unique concepts which are normalized to map with SNOMED-CT. These normalized terms are mapped to concepts of SNOMED-CT with semi-automatic method. RESULTS: We found a degree of concordance between SNOMED-CT and the clinical terms used in the discharge summary. Approximately, 89% of medical terms in the discharge summary are matched and 11% of the concepts are not mapped to those of SNOMED-CT. CONCLUSION: Through this study, we confirmed that SNOMED-CT is appropriate reference terminology in SNUH environment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Information Storage and Retrieval , Semantics , Seoul , VocabularyABSTRACT
Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) is characterized by asymmetric septal hypertrophy, wherein the upper portion of interventricular septum, and dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction due to narrowing the subaortic area usually resulting from the middiastolic apposition of the mitral anterior leaflet against the hypertrophied septum. The goals of anesthetic management for IHSS are to prevent the development of dynamic obstruction to left ventricular ejection and to optimize ventricular filling by maintaining the heart in normal sinus rhythm. Spinal and epidural anesthesia decrease in the preload and afterload secondary to peripheral venous pooling and sympathetic blockade could act to increase the left ventricular outlet obstruction. We experienced the case of the epidural anesthesia for the dilatation and curettage of the uterus with IHSS, and there is no adverse effects of epidural anesthesia.